{"id":706,"date":"2013-12-22T10:46:11","date_gmt":"2013-12-22T10:46:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tilesoc.org.uk\/tacs\/?page_id=706"},"modified":"2013-12-22T10:46:11","modified_gmt":"2013-12-22T10:46:11","slug":"minton-tiles-churches-staffordshire","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/tilesoc.org.uk\/tacs\/publications\/minton-tiles-churches-staffordshire\/","title":{"rendered":"Minton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\"Front<\/p>\n

Summary of a report by Lynn Pearson for the\u00a0Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society (TACS) on a research project funded by the Cumming Ceramic Research Foundation<\/strong><\/p>\n

A summary of the report follows below, but to download the complete 50-page report as a pdf file, just right-click<\/strong> on Minton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire Report (PDF)<\/a>. You can then open the file and read it, or use the save option to download it to your computer. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to open the file – it’s free from the www.adobe.com<\/a> site.<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

An appreciation of Herbert Minton published in the Annals of the\u00a0Diocese of Lichfield for 1859, the year following his death, revealed\u00a0that between 1844 and 1858 Minton presented tiles to a total of\u00a0forty-six Staffordshire churches and parsonages. Minton also presented\u00a0tiles to churches and allied institutions in other areas and indeed\u00a0other countries during 1844-58, but the Staffordshire gifts amounted\u00a0to a third of his total donations. In addition, it is known that\u00a0one gift of tiles was made prior to 1844: Holy Trinity Church, Hartshill,\u00a0was built and endowed by Minton in 1841-2. Although the identity\u00a0of most of the churches to which Minton made donations has been\u00a0known since 1859, the fate of the tiles themselves has never previously\u00a0been pursued. The list of locations published in the Annals had\u00a0never been checked to establish what remained in situ, and very\u00a0little was known in respect of tile designs in specific churches.<\/p>\n

The object of this research was therefore to investigate the location\u00a0and design of the inlaid (commonly called encaustic) floor tiles\u00a0donated by Herbert Minton to the churches of Staffordshire. Research\u00a0began with an analysis of the list of locations in the Annals in\u00a0order to determine the status of the tile donations, followed by\u00a0visits to the churches which retained their Minton donations to\u00a0photograph the tiles and investigate their design. Each location\u00a0was properly documented. The relationship between tiles made for\u00a0the restoration of existing churches and those made for newly-built\u00a0churches was examined, and – in the case of restored churches – an assessment was attempted of the degree to which the Minton tile\u00a0designs were copied from tiles already in place, or whether existing\u00a0stock designs were used. The tile designs throughout the series\u00a0of donations were then analysed and compared with designs donated\u00a0outside Staffordshire, and designs at locations where tiles had\u00a0simply been purchased from Minton\u2019s.<\/p>\n

Analysis of the Minton Donation List<\/h2>\n

Including Hartshill Church, mentioned as a prime example of Minton\u2019s\u00a0generosity in the introduction to the list of donations published\u00a0in the Annals of the Diocese of Lichfield for 1859, there are 173 separate donations, a few of which took place over two or more months.\u00a0The vast majority of recipients were churches, but there was also\u00a0a good sprinkling of parsonages as well as a few schools and other bodies. Geographically the range was worldwide, with gifts being\u00a0sent to destinations as varied as Gwalior in India\u2019s North-Western\u00a0Provinces and Geelong in Australia. However, these more exotic donations\u00a0were few in number, only a total of seven compared to the 159 English\u00a0gifts; Scottish, Welsh and Irish gifts also numbered merely seven.<\/p>\n

The process of donation began with Hartshill in 1842, then St Mary\u2019s\u00a0Stafford, Trentham and Walton Churches (all Staffordshire) in 1844.\u00a0After this the number and geographical range of donations increased, with an average of eight donations per year during the late 1840s\u00a0and 16 in the 1850s. The peak years were 1852, with 25 donations,\u00a0and 1854 (20 donations), with an unexplained drop to eight in the intervening year, 1853. Comparing these figures for the donations\u00a0as a whole with the spread of the 58 Staffordshire donations, the\u00a0pattern is much the same, although Staffordshire locations comprised\u00a0almost half the total number made in the 1840s.<\/p>\n

The 58 Staffordshire gifts comprised a third of the total number,\u00a0and were divided between 48 churches and parsonages, a school and\u00a0an asylum. Disregarding the school, asylum and parsonages, the Annals list shows that Herbert Minton made 44 gifts to 38 separate churches\u00a0between 1842 and 1856. This represents one tenth of the total number\u00a0of Anglican churches and chapels in Staffordshire. Of the 38 churches,\u00a0three had been demolished and one was derelict; all these were located\u00a0in Stoke-on-Trent. Tiles had been removed from two further churches\u00a0and had been covered over in seven more, leaving 25 churches in\u00a0which the Minton donation tiles were visible and more or less intact.\u00a0It\u00a0is interesting to speculate that if the survival rate for the tiles\u00a0in Staffordshire churches, that is 25 out of 38 sites extant, was repeated throughout England, around 80 further Minton donation sites\u00a0outside Staffordshire would be predicted as being extant.<\/p>\n

The Minton Donation Tiles<\/h2>\n

The overall impression of the Minton donation tiles was of one\u00a0of high quality and tremendous variety. The highest quality tiles\u00a0were found at the churches where donations had been made during\u00a0the 1840s rather than the 1850s, with no apparent preference for\u00a0new or restored churches. The earliest of the churches to which\u00a0Herbert Minton gave tiles of the highest quality was, of course,\u00a0his own Holy Trinity Church, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, built in\u00a01842 at Minton\u2019s expense and designed by George Gilbert Scott. The\u00a0variety of tiles is immense, with many designs being shown in both\u00a0Minton\u2019s Earliest Pattern Book and the firm\u2019s first printed catalogue\u00a0of 1842. Trentham Church was built in 1842-4, almost adjoining Trentham\u00a0Park, the newly-constructed home of the Duke and Duchess of Sutherland.\u00a0Minton donated tiles throughout the church, but the sanctuary tiling\u00a0is the most unusual, with elements from the Sutherland coat of arms\u00a0set in a striking combination of black, buff and red designs. Only\u00a0a month after the Trentham donation came another important gift, to the newly-rebuilt Church of St Mary in Stafford. It was one of\u00a0George Gilbert Scott\u2019s earliest restorations, and caused much controversy\u00a0at the time. It is not known whether Scott had a hand in the design\u00a0of Minton\u2019s donation of tiles for the chancel and reredos; the pavement\u00a0increases in complexity towards the east end, culminating in a glowing\u00a0reredos displaying Christian symbols in gold.<\/p>\n

In the following year, 1845, Minton donated an ornate tile pavement\u00a0to Penkhull Church, Stoke-on-Trent, where his nephew Samuel Minton\u00a0was the incumbent; Herbert Minton also paid off the debt which his\u00a0nephew had incurred during the construction of the church in 1842.\u00a0Large panels of an Agnus Dei and a pelican in her piety dominate\u00a0the choir, and a series of small, sky-blue tiles bearing Christian\u00a0symbols lie across the sanctuary. Penkhull was only one of four\u00a0significant donations made during 1845. At Gratwich, Minton gave\u00a0tiles for the choir in the form of a large Latin cross of red and\u00a0buff patterned tiles, bordered by a black tile showing an eight-pointed\u00a0star. This motif was to recur in later donations, as was the combination\u00a0of four-tile groups in the Gratwich nave tiling, which included\u00a0the rose window design originally copied from the Westminster Abbey\u00a0Chapter House floor.<\/p>\n

At Armitage, where the first of three donations occurred in 1845,\u00a0the Latin cross design is again present, but here it encloses a\u00a0more complex pattern including roundels of the evangelists. Armorial\u00a0tiles are the main element in the pavement at All Saints, Church\u00a0Leigh, which was rebuilt in 1846. Audley Church benefited from four\u00a0Minton donations, the first being made prior to 1846. The result\u00a0was a lavish ceramic display, the chancel dado being especially\u00a0rich and using repeats of a fleur-de-lys tile. A donation was made\u00a0to Elford Church in April 1849 which included a terracotta reredos\u00a0similar to that of Church Leigh. Elford was rebuilt by Salvin in\u00a01848-9 with the object of restoring its fourteenth-century appearance;\u00a0during the construction work, medieval tiles were found beneath\u00a0the brick floor. They appear to have been relief tiles with a geometric\u00a0pattern composed mainly of intersecting circles. Minton\u2019s made a\u00a0new nave pavement for the church replicating their design in line-impressed\u00a0tiles using brown and buff grounds.<\/p>\n

Amongst the churches with donations of the middling quality, Blithfield\u00a0is of interest as its donation, a chancel pavement given in July\u00a01852, followed the reconstruction of its chancel by Pugin in 1851.\u00a0The new work was supposed to have faithfully reproduced the original\u00a0design of the chancel, but it is not known if this applied to any\u00a0medieval floor tiles which may have been present. Normacot Church,\u00a0where the donation was made in 1847, has – like several other churches\u00a0– a relatively unremarkable sanctuary pavement with roundels of\u00a0the four evangelists. It boasts twin coats of arms in the tile pavement\u00a0near the north entrance, those of the Duke of Sutherland and the\u00a0Earl of Lichfield. The churches at Colton, Pensnett and Newcastle\u00a0St Giles and St George all have substantial amounts of patterned
\ntiling, although with designs commonly found elsewhere.<\/p>\n

Overall, the most lavish and early donations tended to include\u00a0a wide variety of tile designs from Minton\u2019s first printed catalogue\u00a0of 1842, as well as specially made armorial or other symbolic tiles.\u00a0Lesser gifts, usually of floor tiles rather than tiles for a reredos,\u00a0displayed a smaller range of tile designs with fewer \u2019specials\u2019,\u00a0and often incorporated a pavement including roundels of the evangelists.\u00a0Although it is clear that the most prestigious gifts were made during\u00a0the 1840s, the range of tile designs given during the 1850s and\u00a0the sheer number of donations made in that decade ensured that,\u00a0as a whole, the later donation churches also present a significant\u00a0display of Minton tiling.<\/p>\n

Designs, Complexity and Motivation<\/h2>\n

As shown above, the quality of tile donations made to newly-built churches and to restored or rebuilt churches was much the same, with a roughly equal spread of high and lower quality gifts. High quality and unusual designs could be predicted where there was a personal connection between Herbert Minton and the church in question, for instance at Penkhull, where the incumbent was Minton\u2019s nephew. The tiles donated to Staffordshire churches were not necessarily of a better quality than the designs donated outside Staffordshire. A comparison can be made between tiles which were donated, and those at locations where tiles had simply been purchased from Minton\u2019s, the general products of the factory at that time. It turns out that there are no notable differences in quality between the two groups.<\/p>\n

It appears that there is no appreciable difference in quality or design between tiles tiles donated by Herbert Minton and tiles bought from Minton\u2019s factory, between tiles given to churches inside and outside Staffordshire, and between tiles given to new and restored churches.<\/p>\n

There is very little evidence available concerning the design process for the Minton donation tiles, either inside or outside Staffordshire. It seems probable that the complex tile layouts seen in many of the tile donation churches were due to the work of the Minton factory artists rather than the architects of the churches concerned.<\/p>\n

Regarding Herbert Minton\u2019s motivation for giving away a substantial amount of his factory\u2019s products during the 1840s and 1850s, it is possible that the increasing success of Minton\u2019s tile business during the 1850s influenced his actions in making a greater number of donations during that decade than in the 1840s. It is also possible that Minton became increasingly concerned with the church at that time, although his donations were not restricted to churches.<\/p>\n

Of course, whatever the prime purpose behind the donations, and their undoubted cost to the factory, they gained much positive publicity and acted as prestigious advertising.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h2>\n

The church eventually became Minton\u2019s most important purchaser of encaustic tiles. The significance of the tile donations by Herbert Minton to the Staffordshire churches lies in the fact that these tended to be earlier and more lavish donations than his gifts in general. Although the overall pattern of donations during 1842-58 is roughly similar throughout England, there is a definite bias towards donations in Staffordshire during the 1840s. Thus the substantial corpus of 1840s Minton tiles to be found at the extant donation churches in Staffordshire represents a significant display of early, top-quality Minton encaustic tiling. It also provides an illustration of the high standard of work carried out by the factory\u2019s artists in that period, in terms of the general layout of church pavements.<\/p>\n

It has been suggested that around 80 Minton donation churches outside Staffordshire might still be extant. Given that some of these are likely to be churches where donations were made during the 1840s, it is clear that further research should concentrate on locating these possible early survivors with their potentially high-quality donations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n

\"Front<\/p>\n

Summary of a report by Lynn Pearson for the\u00a0Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society (TACS) on a research project funded by the Cumming Ceramic Research Foundation<\/strong><\/p>\n

A summary of the report follows below,<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

…<\/span><\/p>\n

Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-706","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_urls_v2":{"full":"","thumbnail":"","medium":"","medium_large":"","large":"","1536x1536":"","2048x2048":"","responsive-100":"","responsive-150":"","responsive-200":"","responsive-300":"","responsive-450":"","responsive-600":"","responsive-900":"","rpwe-thumbnail":""},"post_excerpt_stackable_v2":"

Summary of a report by Lynn Pearson for the\u00a0Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society (TACS) on a research project funded by the Cumming Ceramic Research Foundation A summary of the report follows below, but to download the complete 50-page report as a pdf file, just right-click on Minton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire Report (PDF). You can then open the file and read it, or use the save option to download it to your computer. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to open the file – it’s free from the www.adobe.com site. Introduction An appreciation of Herbert Minton published in…<\/p>\n","category_list_v2":"Uncategorized","author_info_v2":{"name":"admin","url":"https:\/\/tilesoc.org.uk\/tacs\/author\/admin\/"},"comments_num_v2":"0 comments","yoast_head":"\r\nMinton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire - Tiles & Architectural Ceramics Society (TACS)<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Minton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire. a report by Lynn Pearson for the\u00a0Tiles and Architectural Ceramics Society (TACS) on a research project funded by the Cumming Ceramic Research Foundation\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tilesoc.org.uk\/tacs\/publications\/minton-tiles-churches-staffordshire\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Minton Tiles in the Churches of Staffordshire - 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